Most studies have observed the effects of tobacco smoke on the body for many years. There are numerous tobacco effects on fetus as well. The potential detrimental effects of carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar are considered as the primary cause of different types of cancer. Also, these cause genetic dysfunctions and physiological disorders. The effects of smoking on the growing fetus have also been studied and there is a risk of birth defects and fetal damage. Read on to know more about tobacco effects on fetus

Infants born to women who smoke during pregnancy are more impulsive by nature and they tend to have trouble developing and learning. These children are likely to score low on mental test. Also, they tend to have overall lower grades while learning in school when compared with children whose mothers avoided smoking cigarettes. The infants have birth defects which disrupts their mental development, such as mental retardation or cerebral palsy. Also, they have a high risk of having a learning disability, like dyslexia.

Children born to mothers who smoker moderately or heavily during their pregnancy are four times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. This condition is also known as adult onset diabetes as it strikes an individual before he or she turns 33 years-old. This is known as an early age for manifesting this diabetes type.

According to a epidemiological data published in the medical journal, Tobacco Induced Diseases, there is a strong association between future risk of heart problems and fetal exposure to tobacco smoke. Specifically, infants who were exposed to this smoke as a fetus are more susceptible to high blood pressure or hypertension, when compared with children of women who avoided smoking during pregnancy.

The high incidence rates was linked with low birth weight of babies born to mothers who smoked, although two more independent studies revealed that infants of smoking mothers tend to have higher blood pressure.

Women who smoke tobacco during their pregnancy can also affect their baby’s brain. These effects will last for a long time. Hence, it is very important to know about tobacco effects on fetus before even planning for a baby as you may harm your bundle of joy with this mindless habit. So, if you are planning to have a baby, just quit smoking and ensure a good health for yourself as well as for your baby!

In June, President Obama signed a law requiring tobacco companies to post large, graphic warnings on cigarette packs. Currentcautionary statements such as “Smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema” and “Smoking is dangerous to your health” will gradually be replaced with more ominous assertions, including “Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease,” “Cigarettes cause cancer” and the refreshingly blunt “Smoking can kill you.”

But regulators may want to rethink this ashes-to-ashes theme. New research suggests that, for a certain set of smokers, those allusions to death may actually increase the likelihood they’ll light up.

That’s the conclusion of a paper published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, which questions the effectiveness of anti-smoking campaigns that emphasize mortality threats. The researchers, led by psychologist Jochim Hansen of New York University and the University of Basel, suggest a campaign that dispels the belief smoking makes one cool or attractive could be more effective in getting at least some smokers to quit.

Hansen and his colleagues looked at cigarette pack warnings from the perspective of Terror Management Theory, which was developed in the mid-1980s by psychologists Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg and Sheldon Solomon. It contends that our awareness of our own deaths creates the potential for extreme anxiety, which we keep at bay by reaffirming faith in our belief systems (which give our lives a sense of meaning) and maintaining a high level of self-esteem.

Reasonably enough, the researchers assert that for some people, smoking is a facet of their positive self-image. They consider the habit sexy or attractive, or perhaps a proud example of their rebellious spirit.

For those individuals, terror management theory suggests mortality-laced warning labels could be counterproductive. The threat to one’s life would presumably result in an urge to pump up one’s self-esteem — which, for those individuals, could easily mean a renewed commitment to smoking.

To test this concept, the researchers conducted a study of 39 smokers, ranging in age from 17 to 41. Participants filled out a questionnaire designed to measure the degree to which they base their self-esteem on smoking. They then were presented illustrations of a cigarette pack containing a warning message.

Half of them read warnings that spoke of the life-threatening consequences of smoking, such as “Smoking leads to deadly lung cancer.” The other half read warnings that did not involve mortality, such as “Smoking makes you unattractive.”

Following a 15-minute delay in which participants answered questions unrelated to smoking (so that the warning messages would leave their conscious minds), they answered a final set of questions including “Do you enjoy smoking?” “How important is smoking to you?” and “Are you going to smoke a cigarette directly after this study?”

The researchers found that, among those who associated smoking with self-esteem, the death-related warnings actually led to more positive attitudes toward cigarette use. They concluded the smokers clung more tightly to their habit as “a strategy to buffer against existential fears provoked by death-related warning messages.”

On the other hand, for these same people, the non-death-related warnings had a dampening effect on attitudes toward smoking. Warnings that smoking makes one less attractive “may be particularly threatening to people who believe the opposite,” they report.

The researchers admit it is impossible to know what percentage of smokers tie their self-esteem to the health-impairing habit. Thus, for the population at large, “it is difficult to predict whether a death-related or a death-unrelated warning message would be more effective,” they write.

“Yet one could speculate that certain populations base their self-esteem on smoking to a higher degree than others — for instance, young smokers who want to impress their peers,” they add. “If this turns out to be true, a consequence of our findings would be that such populations should be warned against noxious consequences of smoking with death-neutral messages.”

So those unfiltered warnings that are on the way may be counterproductive with the group the government is trying hardest to target: young smokers. Like previous research on the Montana Meth Project, the study is a reminder that death threats will capture people’s attention, but how they impact behavior is a much more complicated question.

Exposure to air pollution is associated with numerous effects on human health, including pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and neurological impairments. The health effects vary greatly from person to person. High-risk groups such as the elderly, infants, pregnant women, and sufferers from chronic heart and lung diseases are more susceptible to air pollution. Children are at greater risk because they are generally more active outdoors and their lungs are still developing. Exposure to air pollution can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) health effects. Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include eye irritation, headaches, and nausea. Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some chronic health effects include decreased lung capacity and lung cancer resulting from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants. The scientific techniques for assessing health impacts of air pollution include air pollutant monitoring, exposure assessment, dosimetry, toxicology, and epidemiology.

Although in humans pollutants can affect the skin, eyes and other body systems, they affect primarily the respiratory system. Air is breathed in through the nose, which acts as the primary filtering system of the body. The small hairs and the warm, humid conditions in the nose effectively remove the larger pollutant particles. The air then passes through the pharynx, esophagus, and larynx before reaching the top of the trachea. The trachea divides into two parts, the left and the right bronchi. Each bronchi subdivides into increasingly smaller compartments. The smallest compartments of the bronchi are called bronchioles, which contain millions of air sacs called alveoli. Together, the bronchioles and alveoli make up the lungs.

Both gaseous and particulate air pollutants can have negative effects on the lungs. Solid particles can settle on the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Most of these particles are removed from the lungs through the cleansing (sweeping) action of "cilia", small hairlike outgrowths of cells, located on the walls of the lungs. This is what occurs when you cough or sneeze.

A cough or sneeze transports the particles to the mouth. The particles are removed subsequently from the body when they are swallowed or expelled. However, extremely small particles may reach the alveoli, where it takes weeks, months, or even years for the body to remove the particles. Gaseous air pollutants may also affect the function of the lungs by slowing the action of the cilia. Continuous breathing of polluted air can slow the normal cleansing action of the lungs and result in more particles reaching the lower portions of the lung.

The lungs are the organs responsible for absorbing oxygen from the air and removing carbon dioxide from the blood-stream. Damage to the lungs from air pollution can inhibit this process and contribute to the occurrence of respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer. This can also put an additional burden on the heart and circulatory system.

In Table 1 (Given Below) summarize the sources, health and welfare effects for the Criteria Pollutants. Hazardous air pollutants may cause other less common but potentially hazardous health effects, including cancer and damage to the immune system, and neurological, reproductive and developmental problems. Acute exposure to some hazardous air pollutants can cause immediate death.

Human health effects associated with indoor air pollution are: headaches, tiredness, dizziness, nausea, and throat irritation. More serious effects include cancer and exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma. Radon is estimated to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. Environmental tobacco smoke causes eye, nose and throat irritation, and is a carcinogen. Asthma, particularly in children, is associated with poor indoor air quality.